Flevy Management Insights Q&A
What is the relationship between Heijunka and Just in Time (JIT) in reducing waste in the production process?


This article provides a detailed response to: What is the relationship between Heijunka and Just in Time (JIT) in reducing waste in the production process? For a comprehensive understanding of Heijunka, we also include relevant case studies for further reading and links to Heijunka best practice resources.

TLDR Heijunka and JIT synergistically optimize production by aligning with demand and smoothing schedules, significantly reducing waste and improving Operational Efficiency in lean manufacturing.

Reading time: 5 minutes

Before we begin, let's review some important management concepts, as they related to this question.

What does Lean Manufacturing mean?
What does Just in Time (JIT) mean?
What does Heijunka mean?
What does Continuous Improvement mean?


Heijunka and Just in Time (JIT) are two pivotal concepts in lean manufacturing that aim to optimize production processes, reduce waste, and improve efficiency. Understanding the relationship between these two methodologies is crucial for organizations seeking to implement lean principles effectively. While JIT focuses on producing the right amount at the right time, Heijunka takes this a step further by ensuring that production is leveled and balanced across the board.

Understanding Heijunka and JIT

Just in Time (JIT) is a management strategy that aligns raw-material orders from suppliers directly with production schedules. It is aimed at reducing inventory levels, thereby minimizing waste and enhancing efficiency in the production process. JIT requires producers to forecast demand accurately and to produce only what is needed, when it is needed, and in the amounts needed. This approach not only reduces waste related to overproduction but also minimizes holding costs and increases the organization's ability to respond to changes in demand.

Heijunka, on the other hand, is a Japanese term that translates to "leveling." It refers to the practice of smoothing out the production schedule over a certain period to manage variability in customer demand. By producing a consistent mix of products in the right proportions, Heijunka allows organizations to reduce the burden on their production systems and avoid the pitfalls of batch processing. This leveling process helps in minimizing lead times, reducing inventory levels, and improving the overall flow of goods through the production system.

Together, JIT and Heijunka form a synergistic relationship where JIT's demand-driven production philosophy is complemented by Heijunka's focus on production smoothing. This combination not only addresses the issue of waste in the production process but also enhances flexibility and responsiveness to market changes.

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Reducing Waste through Heijunka and JIT

The primary goal of implementing JIT and Heijunka is to reduce waste in the production process. Waste, in the context of manufacturing target=_blank>lean manufacturing, is defined as anything that does not add value to the end product. By aligning production closely with actual demand, JIT directly tackles overproduction, which is one of the most significant forms of waste. Additionally, JIT's emphasis on reducing inventory levels helps in minimizing the waste associated with storage, handling, and potential obsolescence of stock.

Heijunka complements JIT by addressing variability in production, which can lead to inefficiencies and waste. By leveling the production schedule, Heijunka ensures a more predictable and steady flow of work through the production system. This predictability allows organizations to optimize their operations, reducing the time and resources wasted on changeovers, adjustments, and waiting times. Moreover, Heijunka's focus on producing a balanced mix of products ensures that resources are utilized efficiently, further reducing waste.

Implementing these methodologies requires a cultural shift within the organization towards continuous improvement and waste reduction. It also necessitates close collaboration with suppliers and a deep understanding of customer demand patterns. Organizations that successfully integrate JIT and Heijunka into their production processes can achieve significant reductions in waste, leading to improved operational efficiency and competitiveness.

Real-World Examples

Toyota is perhaps the most famous example of an organization that has effectively implemented JIT and Heijunka. The Toyota Production System (TPS), from which these concepts originate, has been instrumental in Toyota's rise to become one of the leading automobile manufacturers in the world. By focusing on producing vehicles in a way that aligns with actual market demand and leveling the production to minimize downtime and inefficiencies, Toyota has been able to significantly reduce waste and improve productivity.

Another example is Dell Computers, which adopted a JIT approach to its manufacturing and supply chain processes. By building computers to order, Dell was able to drastically reduce its inventory levels and minimize waste associated with overproduction and storage. This approach not only improved efficiency but also allowed Dell to offer customers more customization options, enhancing its competitive edge in the market.

These examples underscore the effectiveness of JIT and Heijunka in reducing waste and improving efficiency. By focusing on these methodologies, organizations across various industries can enhance their production processes, reduce costs, and improve their responsiveness to market demands.

Implementing JIT and Heijunka requires a strategic approach and a commitment to continuous improvement. Organizations must be willing to invest in the necessary systems and training to ensure that these methodologies are properly integrated into their operations. With the right mindset and execution, JIT and Heijunka can lead to significant improvements in production efficiency, waste reduction, and overall organizational performance.

Best Practices in Heijunka

Here are best practices relevant to Heijunka from the Flevy Marketplace. View all our Heijunka materials here.

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Explore all of our best practices in: Heijunka

Heijunka Case Studies

For a practical understanding of Heijunka, take a look at these case studies.

Heijunka Process Advancement in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing

Scenario: The organization is a mid-sized pharmaceutical manufacturer specializing in generic drugs, facing challenges with production leveling (Heijunka).

Read Full Case Study

Heijunka Process Redesign for Agritech Firm in Sustainable Farming

Scenario: The organization is a leader in sustainable agritech with a focus on delivering high-quality organic produce.

Read Full Case Study

Heijunka Product Flow Enhancement in Electronics

Scenario: An electronics firm specializing in high-volume consumer devices is grappling with uneven production schedules and inventory levels that do not align with market demand.

Read Full Case Study

Luxury Brand Heijunka Enhancement Initiative

Scenario: A luxury fashion house, renowned for its exclusivity and high-end products, is facing challenges in balancing its production flow with fluctuating demand.

Read Full Case Study

Heijunka Process Optimization for Agritech Firm in Competitive Market

Scenario: An Agritech company specializing in sustainable farming solutions is facing challenges in balancing its production flow due to fluctuating demand and unpredictable market conditions.

Read Full Case Study

Heijunka Process Enhancement in Electronics Manufacturing

Scenario: The organization is a mid-sized electronics manufacturer specializing in consumer devices, facing challenges in maintaining production flow due to demand variability.

Read Full Case Study

Explore all Flevy Management Case Studies

Related Questions

Here are our additional questions you may be interested in.

What are the challenges in integrating Heijunka with global supply chain management, especially in a volatile market?
Implementing Heijunka in global supply chains, especially in volatile markets, involves overcoming challenges like aligning diverse production systems, managing market volatility, and ensuring sustainability and compliance, through Strategic Planning, technology investment, and flexibility. [Read full explanation]
What role does Heijunka play in enhancing supply chain resilience against disruptions such as pandemics or geopolitical tensions?
Heijunka improves supply chain resilience by leveling production, reducing variability, and enabling agile responses to disruptions like pandemics and geopolitical tensions. [Read full explanation]
How does Heijunka influence decision-making processes at the executive level in a manufacturing company?
Heijunka influences executive decision-making in manufacturing by integrating into Strategic Planning, Operational Excellence, and Supply Chain Management, driving efficiency, quality, and customer satisfaction through leveled production. [Read full explanation]
In what ways can Heijunka be adapted for service industries, beyond its traditional manufacturing roots?
Adapting Heijunka for service industries involves understanding unique operational challenges, leveraging workforce flexibility, and utilizing technology for demand leveling, significantly improving efficiency and customer satisfaction. [Read full explanation]
How is the rise of artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies enhancing the effectiveness of Heijunka in production systems?
AI and ML technologies are revolutionizing Heijunka in production systems by improving forecasting accuracy, optimizing production schedules, and facilitating Continuous Improvement, leading to a new level of Operational Excellence. [Read full explanation]
What are the practical steps for synchronizing Heijunka with Takt Time to achieve a balanced production line?
Implementing Heijunka and Takt Time involves Strategic Planning, understanding both concepts, adjusting production processes, and leveraging technology for a balanced production line that meets customer demand efficiently. [Read full explanation]

Source: Executive Q&A: Heijunka Questions, Flevy Management Insights, 2024


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